7 'dmesg' naredbi za rješavanje problema i prikupljanje informacija o Linux sustavima

Naredba ‘dmesg’ prikazuje poruke iz međuspremnika prstena jezgre. Sustav prolazi više runlevel-a odakle možemo dobiti mnogo informacija kao što su arhitektura sustava, procesor, priključeni uređaj, RAM itd. Kada se računalo podigne, kernel (jezgra operativnog sustava) se učitava u memoriju. Tijekom tog razdoblja prikazuje se niz poruka u kojima možemo vidjeti hardverske uređaje koje je kernel otkrio.

Pročitajte također: 10 Linux naredbi za prikupljanje podataka o sustavu i hardveru

Poruke su vrlo važne u smislu dijagnostičke svrhe u slučaju kvara uređaja. Kada spajamo ili odspajamo hardverski uređaj na sustavu, uz pomoć naredbe dmesg u hodu saznajemo detektirane ili odspojene informacije. Naredba dmesg dostupna je na većini operativnih sustava temeljenih na Linux i Unix.

Bacimo malo svjetla na najpoznatiji alat koji se zove naredba 'dmesg' s njihovim praktičnim primjerima o kojima se govori u nastavku. Točna sintaksa dmesg je sljedeća.

dmseg [options...]

1. Popis svih učitanih upravljačkih programa u kernelu

Možemo koristiti alate za manipulaciju tekstom, npr. 'more', 'tail', 'less' ili 'grep ' s naredbom dmesg. Budući da ispis dmesg dnevnika neće stati na jednu stranicu, upotreba dmesg s pipe more or less naredbom prikazat će zapisnike na jednoj stranici.

[[email  ~]# dmesg | more
[[email  ~]# dmesg | less

Uzorak izlaza

[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[    0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 
(Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   NSC Geode by NSC
[    0.000000]   Cyrix CyrixInstead
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000]   Transmeta GenuineTMx86
[    0.000000]   Transmeta TransmetaCPU
[    0.000000]   UMC UMC UMC UMC
[    0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
.....

Pročitajte također: Učinkovito upravljajte Linux datotekama pomoću naredbi glava, rep i mačka

2. Navedite sve otkrivene uređaje

Da biste otkrili koje je tvrde diskove otkrio kernel, možete tražiti ključnu riječ “sda” zajedno s “grep” kao što je prikazano u nastavku.

[[email  ~]# dmesg | grep sda

[    1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB)
[    1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
[    1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
[    1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[    1.359585]  sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 >
[    1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
[    2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6.  Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS
[   23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
[   24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)

NAPOMENA: 'sda' je prvi SATA tvrdi disk, 'sdb' je drugi SATA tvrdi disk i tako dalje. Tražite s 'hda' ili 'hdb' u slučaju IDE tvrdog diska.

3. Ispišite samo prvih 20 redaka izlaza

'Glava' zajedno s dmesg pokazat će početne linije, tj. 'dmesg | head -20’ će ispisati samo 20 redaka od početne točke.

[[email  ~]# dmesg | head  -20

[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[    0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   NSC Geode by NSC
[    0.000000]   Cyrix CyrixInstead
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000]   Transmeta GenuineTMx86
[    0.000000]   Transmeta TransmetaCPU
[    0.000000]   UMC UMC UMC UMC
[    0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved

4. Ispišite samo zadnjih 20 redaka izlaza

'Rep' zajedno s naredbom dmesg ispisat će samo 20 zadnjih redaka, ovo je korisno u slučaju da umetnemo prijenosni uređaj.

[[email  ~]# dmesg | tail -20

parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode
Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2.  Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k
readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd
ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max)
NET: Registered protocol family 10
lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions
e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None
Slow work thread pool: Starting up
Slow work thread pool: Ready
FS-Cache: Loaded
CacheFiles: Loaded
CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95
eth0: no IPv6 routers present
type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1
readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd
readahead-collector: sorting
readahead-collector: finished

5. Pretražite otkriveni uređaj ili određeni niz

Teško je pretraživati određeni niz zbog duljine dmesg izlaza. Dakle, filtrirajte retke sa nizovima poput 'usb' 'dma' 'tty' i 'memory ' itd. Opcija '-i' daje upute grep naredbi da zanemari velika i mala slova (velika ili mala slova).

[[email  log]# dmesg | grep -i usb
[[email  log]# dmesg | grep -i dma
[[email  log]# dmesg | grep -i tty
[[email  log]# dmesg | grep -i memory

Uzorak izlaza

[    0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption
[    0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff]
[    0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff]
[    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff]
[    0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
[    0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem)
[    0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout:
[    0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory
[    0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000)
[    0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000)
[    0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds
[    0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory
[    1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000)
[    1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M

6. Očistite zapise međuspremnika dmesg

Da, možemo obrisati dmesg zapise ako je potrebno pomoću donje naredbe. Izbrisat će zapisnike poruka međuspremnika dmesg prstena dok ne izvršite naredbu ispod. Ipak, možete vidjeti zapisnike pohranjene u datotekama '/var/log/dmesg'. Ako spojite bilo koji uređaj će generirati dmesg izlaz.

[[email  log]# dmesg -c

7. Praćenje dmesg u stvarnom vremenu

Neke distribucije dopuštaju naredbu 'tail -f /var/log/dmesg' kao i za praćenje dmesg-a u stvarnom vremenu.

[[email  log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20"

Zaključak: Naredba dmesg korisna je jer dmesg bilježi sve promjene sustava koje su izvršene ili se događaju u stvarnom vremenu. Kao i uvijek, možete pozvati poruku da biste dobili više informacija.